PCB差分线回流路径的3D电磁场分析
当驱动器在传输线上驱动一路信号时,在信号线和返回路径之间会存在一个信号电压,通常称为单端传输线信号。当两路驱动器驱动一个差分对时,除了各自的单端信号外,这两路信号线之间还存在着一个电压差,称为差分信号。与单端信号相比,差分信(Differential Signal)在信号完整性方面有很多优势。如降低了轨道塌陷和EMI,有更好的抗噪声能力,对衰僐不敏感。在高速电路设计中的应用越来越广泛,电路中最关键的信号往往都要采用差分结构设计。
承载差分信号的任意一对走线就称为差分走线。差分传输线具有两种独特的传传输方式---奇模方式和耦模方式。奇模方式在两个传输信号间存在以个非零电位,耦模方式一对信号相对GND有一个非零电位。而实际的差分信号带有直流偏置的差分信号。
2,差分信号回路三维建模
为了对差分信号回路进行精确的分析,需要借助三维的电磁场仿真软件。选用了Ansoft的HFSS进行三维建模和分析。HFSS是基于三维电磁场设计的EDA标准设计工具。HFSS依据其独有的模式?节点和超宽带插值扫频专有技术,利用有限元(FEM)快速精确求解整板级PCB或整个封装结构的所有电磁特性,真正全面考虑(准)静态仿真中无法分析的有失配、耦合、辐射及介质损耗等引起的电磁场效应,从而得到精确的频域高频特性(如S参数等)并生成全波Spice模型以支持高频、高速、高密度PCB应用中实现精确的Spice宽带电路仿真设计。
为了表明较长回流路径的影响,参见图2,描述了一根带状线跨过了地参考平面上的一个沟壑,构建的一个不连续回流路径的简单模型,该模型结构简单,回流路径很容易被理解,同时它也能被扩展应用到更多的常见结构中。定义信号回路的信号在PCB板上的位置以及PCB叠层如图1和结构如图2所示,为带状线,特征阻抗100欧姆,铜箔厚度0.035mm,信号线线宽0.127mm,信号的间隙为0.2286mm,线长5cm.介质厚度为0.1524mm,GND的铜箔度。0.035mm,介电常数4.0.
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图1PCB叠层结构
信号跨分割沟壑,即信号的参考平面不是完整平面。回流路径中的间隙通常用于隔离电路板上的某个区域。当电源平面用做参考层或使用分离电源层时也会出现开槽的间隙。有时在回流路径中出现了非故意的开槽间隙,像回流路径中出砂孔过分刻蚀和交叠的情况,造成信号回流参考平面不完整。如图2所示:
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如图2跨越地平面沟壑信号的平面几何图形
根据图1和图2,在HFSS下进行三维建模如图4,导线处在介电常数为4.0,损耗角正切为0.02的板材中,板材的上下侧均为铜箔参考平面,导线的差分特征阻抗为102欧姆。
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图3完整参考平面的三维几何图形
3,完整参考平面回路场效应分析
导线的两端定义端口分别为Waveport1和Waveport2,端口Waveport1的激励定义为Waveport阻抗为50欧姆,差分阻抗为100欧姆;端口Waveport1的边界条件定义为Waveport阻抗为50欧姆,差分阻抗为100欧姆。场分析时,在整板外围设计为50C50C40空气体,将该空气体的吸收边界条件定义为Radiation.在HFSS中,设定求解的频率为2.5GHz,最大的ΔS为0.05,设置为5%能满足精度要求而又不需要花费太多的时间,在此基础上加入间插频率扫描分析,即定义全波模型适用的频率范围,从0.01GHz扫描5GHz,步长0.01GHz,误差2%,进行分析计算。结果如下图5:
根据S参数的基本知识,如果以Waveport1作为信号的输入端口,Waveport2作为信号的输出端口,S11表示回波损耗,也就是有多少能量被反射回源端,这个值越小越好,一般建议S11<0.1,即-20dB,S21表示插入损耗,也就是有多少能量被传输到目的端(Port2)了,这个值越大越好,理想值是1,即0dB,越大传输的效率越高,一般建议S21>0.7,即-3dB.
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图4S参数
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图5完整参考平面-S参数曲线图
如图4可以查出:T1的S11为0.059688,S21为0.9086;T2的S11为0.016963,S21为0.90776. 如图5:T1和T2的S21<-20dB,S11<-3dB.从上面的S参数可以判断该信号为正常。 然后进行铜箔平面的场的定义。 铜箔平面GND1 Polt fields为Mag_E,结果如图6所示:
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图6完整参考平面情况下GND1的电场分布图
铜箔平面GND1 Polt fields为Mag_E,结果如图7所示:
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图7完整参考平面情况下GND2的电场分布图
如图6和7可以明显看出T1和T2的电场能量主要集中贴近差分信号下面的GND1层。由于GND1与SIG间的FR4_1的板材厚度为0.1651mm;GND2与SIG间的FR4_2的板材厚度为0.7099mm,GND1与SIG间距比GND2与SIG间距小。GND2层的电场能量相对GND1的电场能量要少得多,从图7可以看到红色区域是电场能量最大的地方。高速信号的回流路径紧贴最近的参考平面回流。
当回流路径上存在不连续点的时候,电流就要绕过这些不连续的地方,从而增大了回路面积,回路面积的增加就会导致电感的增加,这就会造成信号完整性的问题。回流路径的不连续会造成的最基本的效应就是等效地增加了电路上的串联电感,而感应系数的大小则由电流实际绕过的距离来决定。那么对于一个电子信号来说,它需要寻找一条最低阻抗最小电感的电流回流到地的途径,所以如何处理信号回流就变得非常关键。
而差分信号不同于单端信号,差分信号是由奇模方式和耦模方式组成的。在奇模的情况下可以在两个导体正中间竖直画一条线,这样穿过它的电力线都是和这条线垂直正交的。那么在奇模情况下的两个导体之间存在一个虚拟的地。当奇模信号的回路不理想时,这个虚拟的地就可以给信号提供一定的参考,继而可以降低因为非理想回路而造成的对信号质量的影响。但耦模分量没有虚拟的地参考回路,在跨越开槽间隙是耦模分量会受到严重的影响。那么,参考平面间隙究竟对差分信号完整性影响有多大呢?带着这个问题,开始下面的参考平面间隙对差分信号回流路径影响的分析。
4,开槽GND1平面其回路场分析及S参数分析
将参考平面GND1开槽,参考平面GND2保持完整,其三维几何图形如图8:
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图8参考GND1平面开槽的三维几何图形
导线的两端定义端口分别为Waveport1和Waveport2,端口Waveport1的激励定义为Waveport阻抗为50欧姆,差分阻抗为100欧姆;端口Waveport1的边界条件定义为Waveport阻抗为50欧姆,差分阻抗为100欧姆。场分析时,在整板外围设计为50C50C40空气体,将该空气体的吸收边界条件定义为Radiation.在HFSS中,设定求解的频率为2.5GHz,最大的ΔS为0.05,设置为5%能满足精度要求而又不需要花费太多的时间,在此基础上加入间插频率扫描分析,即定义全波模型适用的频率范围,从0.01GHz扫描5GHz,步长0.01GHz,误差2%,进行分析计算。结果如下图9:
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图9参考平面GND1开槽-S参数曲线图。
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图10S参数
如图10:可以查出:T1的S11为0.36357,S21为0.79713;T2的S11为0.382,S21为0.78853。 如图9:T1和T2的S21均不小于-20dB,S11接近-3dB.回波损耗S11,GND1开槽和完整参考平面相比较,GND1开槽的回波损耗S11(大约在0.37)要比整参考平面的回波损耗S11(大约在0.035)差了一个数量级,GND1开槽的情况下信号有部分能量反射会源端,致使回波损耗S11变大。
由于差分信号分为奇模方式和耦模方式,对于差分信号我们要关心的S参数还有SDD……DIFFERENTIAL-TO-DIFFERENTIAL PARAMETERSSCC……COMMON-TO-COMMON PARAMETERS在奇模和耦模的形式下S参数的比较。由于插入损耗大那么回波损耗就小。为了使问题简单话,在此之比较SDD21和SCC21,即只比较奇模和偶模的插入损耗。在这将完整参考平面与参考平面GND1开槽两种情况进行SDD21和SCC21的S参数曲线进行比较。如图11所示:
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图11完整参考平面与参考平面GND1开槽-奇模和耦模的S参数比较图
如图11所示,开槽对奇模影响很小,对耦模影响很大。在奇模情况下的两个导体之间存在一个虚拟的地。当奇模信号的回路不理想时,这个虚拟的地就可以给信号提供一定的参考,继而可以降低因为非理想回路而造成的对信号质量的影响。而耦模分量没有虚拟的地参考回路,在跨越开槽区域时需绕路而行,增加了耦模分量的回流路径从而造成耦模分量信号质量的劣化。
然后进行铜箔参考平面的场定义。
铜箔GND1参考平面GND1 Polt fields为Mag_E,结果如图12所示:
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图12GND1平面开槽情况下GND1的电场分布图
铜箔GND2参考平面Polt fields为Mag_E,结果如图13所示:
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图13GND1平面开槽情况下GND2的电场分布图
将图6、图7和图12、13比较,在GND1开槽后,平面GND1和平面GND2的电场能量分布均有较大的差别。电场能量不再完全集中在信号下方而是在整个平面上高低不同的电场能量都,但是在信号正下方电场能量要比整个平面其它区域要强。
5,继上,将开槽改为在参考平面GND2
上参考平面GND1保持完整,其三维几何图形如图14:
file:///data:image/png;base64,ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaeaaaabcaiaaacqd1peaaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaaybpvfh0we1momnvbs5hzg9izs54bxaaaaaaadw/ehbhy2tldcbizwdpbj0i77u/iibpzd0ivzvnme1wq2voauh6cmvtek5uy3pryzlkij8+idx4onhtcg1ldgegeg1sbnm6ed0iywrvymu6bnm6bwv0ys8iihg6eg1wdgs9ikfkb2jlifhnucbdb3jliduumc1jmdywidyxljezndc3nywgmjaxmc8wmi8xmi0xnzozmjowmcagicagicagij4gphjkzjpsreygeg1sbnm6cmrmpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8xotk5lzaylziylxjkzi1zew50yxgtbnmjij4gphjkzjpezxnjcmlwdglvbibyzgy6ywjvdxq9iiigeg1sbnm6eg1wpsjodhrwoi8vbnmuywrvymuuy29tl3hhcc8xljaviib4bwxuczp4bxbntt0iahr0cdovl25zlmfkb2jllmnvbs94yxavms4wl21tlyigeg1sbnm6c3rszwy9imh0dha6ly9ucy5hzg9izs5jb20vegfwlzeumc9zvhlwzs9szxnvdxjjzvjlzimiihhtcdpdcmvhdg9yvg9vbd0iqwrvymugughvdg9zag9wientnsbxaw5kb3dziib4bxbnttpjbnn0yw5jzulepsj4bxauawlkokjdqza1mtvgnke2mjexrtrbrjezodvcm0q0nevfmjfbiib4bxbnttpeb2n1bwvudelepsj4bxauzglkokjdqza1mtywnke2mjexrtrbrjezodvcm0q0nevfmjfbij4gphhtce1nokrlcml2zwrgcm9tihn0umvmomluc3rhbmnlsuq9inhtcc5pawq6qkndmduxnuq2qtyymtffnefgmtm4nuizrdq0ruuymueiihn0umvmomrvy3vtzw50suq9inhtcc5kawq6qkndmduxnuu2qtyymtffnefgmtm4nuizrdq0ruuymueilz4gpc9yzgy6rgvzy3jpchrpb24+idwvcmrmoljerj4gpc94onhtcg1ldge+idw/ehbhy2tldcblbmq9iniipz6p+a6faaaad0leqvr42mj89/y1qiabaawxasgvs/hwaaaaaelftksuqmcc
图14参考GND2平面开槽的三维几何图形
进行分析计算。结果如下为:
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图15S参数
如图8可以查出:T1的S11为0.33514,S21为0.90913;T2的S11为0.048959,S21为0.90467. 与图相比T1的S11为0.36357,S21为0.79713;T2的S11为0.382,S21为0.78853.GND2开槽比GND1开槽对信号质量影响要小。由于GND2与SIG的介质较厚,相对的电场能量更多的集中在GND1.
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图16参考平面GND2开槽——S参数曲线图
对图10和图16进行插入损耗的S参数和回波损耗的S参数比较如图17.
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图17参考平面GND1开槽与参考平面GND2开槽S参数比较图
如图17所示:由于GND2与SIG的介质较厚,相对的电场能量更多的集中在GND1,所以在GND2开槽对信号的质量影响要比在GND1开槽小的多。 在奇模和耦模的形式下S参数的比较。信号回路的电场能量主要集中在临近的参考平面上。在此之比较SDD21和SCC21,即只比较奇模和偶模的插入损耗。在这将开槽平面GND1与开槽平面GND2进行SDD21和SCC21的S参数曲线进行比较。如图18所示:
file:///data:image/png;base64,ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaeaaaabcaiaaacqd1peaaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaaybpvfh0we1momnvbs5hzg9izs54bxaaaaaaadw/ehbhy2tldcbizwdpbj0i77u/iibpzd0ivzvnme1wq2voauh6cmvtek5uy3pryzlkij8+idx4onhtcg1ldgegeg1sbnm6ed0iywrvymu6bnm6bwv0ys8iihg6eg1wdgs9ikfkb2jlifhnucbdb3jliduumc1jmdywidyxljezndc3nywgmjaxmc8wmi8xmi0xnzozmjowmcagicagicagij4gphjkzjpsreygeg1sbnm6cmrmpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8xotk5lzaylziylxjkzi1zew50yxgtbnmjij4gphjkzjpezxnjcmlwdglvbibyzgy6ywjvdxq9iiigeg1sbnm6eg1wpsjodhrwoi8vbnmuywrvymuuy29tl3hhcc8xljaviib4bwxuczp4bxbntt0iahr0cdovl25zlmfkb2jllmnvbs94yxavms4wl21tlyigeg1sbnm6c3rszwy9imh0dha6ly9ucy5hzg9izs5jb20vegfwlzeumc9zvhlwzs9szxnvdxjjzvjlzimiihhtcdpdcmvhdg9yvg9vbd0iqwrvymugughvdg9zag9wientnsbxaw5kb3dziib4bxbnttpjbnn0yw5jzulepsj4bxauawlkokjdqza1mtvgnke2mjexrtrbrjezodvcm0q0nevfmjfbiib4bxbnttpeb2n1bwvudelepsj4bxauzglkokjdqza1mtywnke2mjexrtrbrjezodvcm0q0nevfmjfbij4gphhtce1nokrlcml2zwrgcm9tihn0umvmomluc3rhbmnlsuq9inhtcc5pawq6qkndmduxnuq2qtyymtffnefgmtm4nuizrdq0ruuymueiihn0umvmomrvy3vtzw50suq9inhtcc5kawq6qkndmduxnuu2qtyymtffnefgmtm4nuizrdq0ruuymueilz4gpc9yzgy6rgvzy3jpchrpb24+idwvcmrmoljerj4gpc94onhtcg1ldge+idw/ehbhy2tldcblbmq9iniipz6p+a6faaaad0leqvr42mj89/y1qiabaawxasgvs/hwaaaaaelftksuqmcc
图18开槽平面GND1与开槽平面GND2奇模和耦模的S参数比较图
如图18所示:开槽对奇模影响小,对耦模影响大;对邻近的参考平面开槽对信号质量的影响要比相对远的的参考平面开槽要小。
然后进行铜箔参考平面的场定义。
铜箔参考平面GND1 Polt fields为Mag_E,结果如图19所示:
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图19GND2平面开槽情况下GND1的电场分布图
铜箔参考平面GND2 Polt fields为Mag_E,结果如图20所示:
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图20参考平面GND2开槽情况下GND2的电场分布图
将图6、图7和图19、20比较,在GND2开槽后,平面GND1和平面GND2的电场能量分布均有较大的差别。电场能量不再完全集中在信号下方而是在整个平面上高低不同的电场能量都,但是GND1参考平面的电场分布变化较小,电场能量分布还是主要集中了信号的正下方。相比较而言GND2参考平面的电场能量分布变化较大。当信号线返回与回流路径平面间的距离大于等于两信号线边缘距离时,回流路径平面内的电场能量相互重叠,回流路径平面的存在对信号线。此时,对于差分信号来说,主要以GND1做为回流路径。
6,继上,在参考平面GND1和GND2均开槽
三维几何图形如图21.
file:///http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/fjtasaiblfa4njiaerjvz6s3lyaeibibfneu3mbtpy5mtbdbhn4pbgneick8kkdqfibqg7msqjm7n1wdxyldk1tcnswg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1
图21参考平面GND1和参考平面GND2均开槽的三维几何图形
进行分析计算。结果如下图22、23:
file:///http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/fjtasaiblfa4njiaerjvz6s3lyaeibibfneu1hbr66fmavxs1ftcm28v5jtug58pauudtjic3ccvo0naulm26y1wjcq/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1
图22参考平面GND1和GND2均开槽--S参数曲线图
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图23S参数
如图22可以查出:T1的S11为0.53287,S21为0.6064;T2的S11为0.59312,S21为0.56752. S11>-3dB,S21>-20dB.在这种情况下信号质量严重劣化,根本不能保证信号的正常传输。
对图10、图16和图23进行参考平面GND1开槽、参考平面GND2开槽与参考平面GND1和GND2均开槽插入损耗的S参数比较图,如图24:
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图24三种参考平面开槽情况的S参数比较图
对三种参考平面开槽方式的SDD21和SCC21的S参数曲线进行比较。如图25所示:
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图25三种参考平面开槽方式的奇模和耦模的S参数比较
如图26和图27,三种参考平面开槽方式对信号传输质量带来的影响有较大的区别。GND2参考平面开槽对信号传输质量影响最小;其次是GND1参考平面开槽;对信号传输质量影响最大的是GND1和GND2两个参考平面据开槽的情况。前两种情况是否能满足信号质量,还要看开槽的大小和信号的波长。由于时间有限在这里不做研究,在后期会继续探讨。
然后进行铜箔参考平面的场定义。
铜箔参考平面GND1 Polt fields为Mag_E,结果如图26所示:
file:///data:image/png;base64,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
图26两个参考平面均开槽情况下GND1的电场分布图
铜箔参考平面GND2 Polt fields为Mag_E,结果如图27所示:
file:///data:image/png;base64,ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaeaaaabcaiaaacqd1peaaaagxrfwhrtb2z0d2fyzqbbzg9izsbjbwfnzvjlywr5ccllpaaaaybpvfh0we1momnvbs5hzg9izs54bxaaaaaaadw/ehbhy2tldcbizwdpbj0i77u/iibpzd0ivzvnme1wq2voauh6cmvtek5uy3pryzlkij8+idx4onhtcg1ldgegeg1sbnm6ed0iywrvymu6bnm6bwv0ys8iihg6eg1wdgs9ikfkb2jlifhnucbdb3jliduumc1jmdywidyxljezndc3nywgmjaxmc8wmi8xmi0xnzozmjowmcagicagicagij4gphjkzjpsreygeg1sbnm6cmrmpsjodhrwoi8vd3d3lnczlm9yzy8xotk5lzaylziylxjkzi1zew50yxgtbnmjij4gphjkzjpezxnjcmlwdglvbibyzgy6ywjvdxq9iiigeg1sbnm6eg1wpsjodhrwoi8vbnmuywrvymuuy29tl3hhcc8xljaviib4bwxuczp4bxbntt0iahr0cdovl25zlmfkb2jllmnvbs94yxavms4wl21tlyigeg1sbnm6c3rszwy9imh0dha6ly9ucy5hzg9izs5jb20vegfwlzeumc9zvhlwzs9szxnvdxjjzvjlzimiihhtcdpdcmvhdg9yvg9vbd0iqwrvymugughvdg9zag9wientnsbxaw5kb3dziib4bxbnttpjbnn0yw5jzulepsj4bxauawlkokjdqza1mtvgnke2mjexrtrbrjezodvcm0q0nevfmjfbiib4bxbnttpeb2n1bwvudelepsj4bxauzglkokjdqza1mtywnke2mjexrtrbrjezodvcm0q0nevfmjfbij4gphhtce1nokrlcml2zwrgcm9tihn0umvmomluc3rhbmnlsuq9inhtcc5pawq6qkndmduxnuq2qtyymtffnefgmtm4nuizrdq0ruuymueiihn0umvmomrvy3vtzw50suq9inhtcc5kawq6qkndmduxnuu2qtyymtffnefgmtm4nuizrdq0ruuymueilz4gpc9yzgy6rgvzy3jpchrpb24+idwvcmrmoljerj4gpc94onhtcg1ldge+idw/ehbhy2tldcblbmq9iniipz6p+a6faaaad0leqvr42mj89/y1qiabaawxasgvs/hwaaaaaelftksuqmcc
图27两个参考平面均开槽情况下GND2的电场分布图
将图6、图7和图28、29比较,在GND2开槽后,平面GND1和平面GND2的电场能量分布均有较大的差别。电场能量不再完全集中在信号下方而是在整个平面上高低不同的电场能量都,GND1和GND2参考平面的电场分布均有较大变化,电场能量分布散落在两个参考平面上
7,模型输出
Star-Hspice是高精确度的模拟电路仿真软件,是世界上最广泛应用的电路仿真软件,它无与伦比的高精确度和收敛性已经被证明适用于广泛的电路设计。Star-Hspice能提供设计规格要求的最大可能的准确度。 在HFSS中设置进行参数分析,设置为对多个离散点进行分析,分别对完整参考平面、GND1平面开槽、GND2平面开槽、GND1和GND2平面均开槽这四种情况进行了S参数分析,分析完成后,依次对每种情况,输出其全波的Star-Hspice格式Spice模型,从而完成信号回流路径的全波Spice模型的提取。
从HFSS中输出的Star-Hspice格式的Spice模型,文件头如下所示:
*BEGIN ANSOFT HEADER
*node 1 WavePort1:T1_pos *node 2 WavePort1:T1_neg *node 3 WavePort1:T2_pos *node 4 WavePort1:T2_neg *node 5 WavePort2:T1_pos *node 6 WavePort2:T1_neg *node 7 WavePort2:T2_pos *node 8 WavePort2:T2_neg *Format: HSPICE *Model: Full-wave Spice Pole-Residue *Type: Sparam *END ANSOFT HEADER
.subckt TMUX_MID3_test1_fws 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rport1 1 n2 50
Vam1 n2 2 dc=0
Rport2 3 n4 50
Vam2 n4 4 dc=0
Rport3 5 n6 50
Vam3 n6 6 dc=0
Rport4 7 n8 50
Vam4 n8 8 dc=0
8,对上四种情况Hspice进行时域仿分析
Hspice简介:
Hspice仿真器提供了任何集成电路的仿真设计环境,如:网表生成,仿真控制、仿真结果观察分析、测试点、反标仿真结果等,这些流程可以适用于目前大多数EDA设计工具。
Hspice是事实上的Spice工业标准仿真软件,在业内应用最为广泛,它具有精度高、仿真功能强大等特点。没有提供方便直观的界面调入器件模型及电路连接,它使用纯文本格式来描述电路的连接关系及电路中的各个模型,不适合初级用户。
在Hspice仿真主文件test.sp对完整参考平面(test1)、GND1平面开槽(test3)、GND2平面开槽(test4)、GND1和GND2平面均开槽(test5)四种模型定义同一的源。进行时域仿真比较眼图。主文件test.sp的内容如下:
*定义伪随机码发生器 Vin1 in1+ com1 LFSR(-0.1 0.1 0 100p 100p 2.5g 1 [7,6] rout=0) Vin2 com1 in1- LFSR(-0.1 0.1 0 100p 100p 2.5g 1 [7,6] rout=0) Vcom1 com1 0 0
*调用模型库
.include "./TMUX_MID3_test1_fws.lib"
.include "./TMUX_MID3_test3_fws.lib"
.include "./TMUX_MID3_test4_fws.lib"
.include "./TMUX_MID3_test5_A_fws.lib"
*调用子电路 Xtest1 in1+ 0 in1- 0 out1+ 0 out1- 0 TMUX_MID3_test1_fws *终端端接50ohm 的电阻到GND
R1 out1+ 0 50.0 R2 out1- 0 50.0 Xtest3 in1+ 0 in1- 0 out3+ 0 out3- 0 TMUX_MID3_test3_fws R3 out3+ 0 50.0 R4 out3- 0 50.0 Xtest4 in1+ 0 in1- 0 out4+ 0 out4- 0 TMUX_MID3_test4_fws R5 out4+ 0 50.0 R6 out4- 0 50.0 Xtest5 in1+ 0 in1- 0 out5+ 0 out5- 0 TMUX_MID3_test5_A_fws R7 out5+ 0 50.0 R8 out5- 0 50.0
*定义锯齿电压波
.param ewidth=800ps ephase=ewidth/4
et1 t1 0 Vol= "(TIME - int(TIME/ewidth)*ewidth)" et2 t2 0 Vol= "((TIME+ephase) - int((TIME+ephase)/ewidth)*ewidth)"
et3 t3 0 Vol= "((TIME+2*ephase) - int((TIME+2*ephase)/ewidth)*ewidth)"
et4 t4 0 Vol= "
((TIME+3*ephase) - int((TIME+3*ephase)/ewidth)*ewidth)" rt1 t1 0 1Meg
rt2 t2 0 1Meg
rt3 t3 0 1Meg
rt4 t4 0 1Meg
*瞬态分析
.Tran 1p 40n start=0n
.end
在Hspice对主文件test.sp进行仿真分析,生成test.tr0波形文件,由于在Hspice下看眼图有回波线如图28,影响实际眼图效果。
file:///http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/fjtasaiblfa4njiaerjvz6s3lyaeibibfneu5qpia3pgrmdxmnqhvfwpvxkby9rhvejtr7ia6nicv3vbkdx4ibonkzowdg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1
图28四种情况在Hspice下进行时域分析的眼图比较。
为了更清楚的看眼图的实际情况,利用Spice explorer工具来看test.tr0文件。如下图:
file:///http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/fjtasaiblfa4njiaerjvz6s3lyaeibibfneuxjxzsuorsevpnqxraaxt5qc2svtrvvrskbqaxqel0v2lwb7xp6w1aw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1
图29四种情况在Hspice下进行时域分析的眼图比较
如图29,进行时域分析和S参数分析的结论一样。信号的回流路径紧贴在邻近的参考平面上。开槽参考平面GND1对信号质量影响大,开槽参考平面GND2对信号质量影响小。 开槽对于奇模方式几乎没有什么影响,由于奇模情况下的两个导体之间存在一个虚拟的地。
当奇模信号的回路不理想时,这个虚拟的地就可以给信号提供一定的参考,继而可以降低因为非理想回路而造成的对信号质量的影响。而耦模分量没有虚拟的地参考回路,在跨越开槽区域时需绕路而行,增加了耦模分量的回流路径从而造成耦模分量信号质量的劣化。对于差分信号跨越开槽不能简单的说:差分信号彼此间可以提供回流路径,所以跨越参考平面开槽影响不大,这种想法不够全面。差分传输线具有两种独特的传输方式---奇模方式和耦模方式。 对于跨越开槽间隙只能说对奇模传输方式几乎没有影响,但耦模传输方式的影响如同单端信号所受的影响。
建 议:
尽管两根差分信号的奇模传输方式可以互为回流路径,跨开槽间隙对耦模传输方式会割断信号耦模传输的回流,同时跨分割部分的传输线会因为缺少参考平面而导致阻抗的不连续。由于差分传输线具有两种独特的传输方式---奇模方式和耦模方式。而奇模与偶模的传输时延不一样,若采用差分信令的差分对因为某些原因不对称或不平衡,这些因素都会导致信号出现抖动。不要认为差分信号相互提供互为回路路径,即使跨越分割也不会对信号传输质量造成影响。差分信号跨开槽间隙要慎重,根据实际情况仿真来确定开槽间隙对信号完整性的影响。
以下内容适用于单端信号,也同样适用于差分信号。
对于非理想回路来说,另一个影响就是跨沟传输的多根信号走线之间将具有很高的耦合系数。其耦合的机理是源于沟壑本身:能量被耦合到开槽里,然后通过开槽线(slotline)的模式传到其它走线上。开槽线也是一种传输线,在这种模式下,开槽两边的导体之间会形成场。由驱动的角度来看,回路的不连续可以看作是串联了一个电感。如果回路绕过的距离比较小,那么由于感性滤波的作用,信号的上升沿会有一定的衰僐;而如果回路绕过的距离比较大,那么信号的上升沿将会出现台阶现象。需要注意的是,在处理高速信号的时候,永远不要让两根或以上的走线同时跨越参考平面的沟壑,尽可能保证信号走线下面的参考平面的连续性。有时候跨沟现象是不可避免的,比如在有些设计中,走线必须经过封装的抽气孔(degassing holes)或者过孔反焊盘(anti-pad)区域的上方。如果信号跨沟是不可避免的,那么在跨沟处信号线的两侧放置一些去耦电容可以降低影响,因为这些电容可以为信号的回路供了一个交流的通路。虽然提供这样的交流短路电容可以显着的缩短沟壑的(有效)长度,但是实际上往往是不可能在总线的每根走线之间都放置这样的电容。通过分析了信号走线跨越地平面沟壑的情况,可以得出一些关于参考平面开槽的非理想回流路径的大致结论。
●非理想回路呈现出感性的不连续性。
●非理想回路将虑掉信号中的一些高频分量,从而延缓了信号的边沿速率。
●如果回路的绕过的路径较长,这种非理想的回路将在接收端产生一些SI的问题。
●非理想回路增加了回路的面积,继而产生一些EMI问题。
●非理想回路将显着地增大跨沟信号之间的耦合系数。
总结,信号回流和跨分割的处理方法:
1.根据上面分析可以知道,辐射强度是和回路面积成正比的,就是说回流需要走的路径越长,形成的环越大,它对外辐射的干扰也越大,所以,PCB布板的时候要尽可能僐小电源回路和信号回路面积。
2.对于一个高速信号来说,提供好的信号回流可以保证它的信号质量,这是因为PCB上传输线的特征阻抗一般是以地层或电源层为参考来计算的,如果高速线附近有连续的地平面,这样这条线的阻抗就能保持连续,如果有某段线附近没有了地参考,这样阻抗就会发生变化,不连续的阻抗从而会影响到信号的完整性。所以布线的时候要把高速线分配到靠近地平面的层,或者高速线旁边并行走一两条地线,起到屏蔽和就近提供回流的功能。
3.布线时尽量不要跨电源分割,因为信号跨越了不同的电源层后,它的回流途径就会变长,容易受到干扰。当然,不是所有的信号都不能跨越分割,对于低速信号是可以的,因为产生的干扰相比信号可以不予关心。对于高速信号就要严格些,尽量不要跨越。
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