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Filter Design Tool > Design of Ideal Lumped and Distributed Element FiltersFilters which consist of lumped elements such as inductors, capacitors, transformers and resistors are called “lumped element filters.” Filters containing distributed elements such as transmission lines, short-circuited stubs and open-ended stubs are called “distributed element filters.” Both of these types may or may not include inverters which are usually characterized by an equivalent section formed by the elements above. However, none of these filters contain active elements such as diodes, transistors or op-amps.
Designing such filters involves 5 steps which are simply referred as “synthesis”: 1. Determining specifications 2. Construction of approximating function, H(s) 3. Construction of input impedance function, Z11(s) 4. Finding poles and zeros of Z11(s) 5. Element Extraction Depending on the complexity of the transfer function, the synthesis may sometimes be tedious and lengthy. Computer programs for filter synthesis have been developed which allows pole placement and selection of element extraction.
Most of the filters are approximated by Maximally Flat and Chebyshev functions. These filters make use of explicit formulas [1] which calculate the element values directly from specifications.
In this case, the design process reduces and changes into 3 steps: 1. Finding a suitable prototype circuit 2. Frequency mapping 3. Impedance denormalization
The topics for this section include: Frequency Mapping Impedance Renormalization Ideal Filter Element References
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